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Gender studies is a field for interdisciplinary study devoted to gender identity and gendered representation as central categories of analysis. This field includes women's studies (concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics), men's studies and LGBT studies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gender Studies )〕 Sometimes, gender studies is offered together with study of sexuality. These disciplines study gender and sexuality in the fields of literature, language, geography, history, political science, sociology, anthropology, cinema, media studies, human development, law, and medicine.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=About - Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality (CSGS) )〕 It also analyzes how race, ethnicity, location, class, nationality, and disability intersect with the categories of gender and sexuality.〔Healey, J. F. (2003). "Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class: the Sociology of Group Conflict and Change".〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Department of Gender Studies )〕 Regarding gender, Simone de Beauvoir said: "One is not born a woman, one becomes one".〔de Beauvoir, S. (1949, 1989). "The Second Sex".〕 This view proposes that in gender studies, the term "gender" should be used to refer to the social and cultural constructions of masculinities and femininities and not to the state of being male or female in its entirety.〔Garrett, S. (1992). "Gender", p. vii.〕 However, this view is not held by all gender theorists. Beauvoir's is a view that many sociologists support (see Sociology of gender), though there are many other contributors to the field of gender studies with different backgrounds and opposing views, such as psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and feminists such as Judith Butler. Gender is pertinent to many disciplines, such as literary theory, drama studies, film theory, performance theory, contemporary art history, anthropology, sociology, sociolinguistics and psychology. However, these disciplines sometimes differ in their approaches to how and why gender is studied. For instance in anthropology, sociology and psychology, gender is often studied as a practice, whereas in cultural studies representations of gender are more often examined. In politics, gender can be viewed as a foundational discourse that political actors employ in order to position themselves on a variety of issues.〔Salime, Zakia. Between Feminism and Islam: Human Rights and Sharia Law in Morocco. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.〕 Gender studies is also a discipline in itself, incorporating methods and approaches from a wide range of disciplines. Each field came to regard "gender" as a practice, sometimes referred to as something that is performative.〔 Feminist theory of psychoanalysis, articulated mainly by Julia Kristeva〔Anne-Marie Smith, ''Julia Kristeva: Speaking the Unspeakable'' (Pluto Press, 1988)〕 (the "semiotic" and "abjection") and Bracha Ettinger〔Griselda Pollock, "Inscriptions in the Feminine" and "Introduction" to "The With-In-Visible Screen", in: ''Inside the Visible'' edited by Catherine de Zegher. MIT Press, 1996.〕 (the feminine-prematernal-maternal matrixial Eros of borderlinking and com-passion,〔Bracha L. Ettinger, "Diotima and the Matrixial Transference: Psychoanalytical Encounter-Event as Pregnancy in Beauty." In: Van der Merwe, Chris N., and Viljoen, Hein, eds. ''Across the Threshold''. NY: Peter Lang, 2007〕 "matrixial trans-subjectivity" and the "primal mother-phantasies"),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=MAMSIE - Studies in the Maternal - Volume 2, Issues 1 & 2 - (M)Other Re-spect )〕 and informed both by Freud, Lacan and the object relations theory, is very influential in gender studies. Gender can also be broken into three categories, gender identity, gender expression, and biological sex, as Sam Killermann explains in his Ted X Talk at the University of Chicago. These three categories are another way of breaking down gender into the different social, biological, and cultural constructions. These constructions focus on how femininity and masculinity are fluid entities and how their meaning is able to fluctuate depending on the various constraints surrounding them. ==Influences of gender studies== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gender studies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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